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Jaybhaye, R. V.
- Foaming Behaviour of Sapota Pulp
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (W.B.), IN
2 Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture, Osmanabad (M.S.), IN
1 Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (W.B.), IN
2 Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture, Osmanabad (M.S.), IN
Source
International Journal of Agricultural Engineering, Vol 8, No 2 (2015), Pagination: 160-168Abstract
Foaming of sapota pulp was carried out by foaming device at various levels of pectin, egg albumin and methyl cellulose at different levels. The influences of pectin, egg albumin and methyl cellulose concentration on the foaming characteristics in terms of foam expansion and foam stability were subsequently evaluated. Foam expansion and foam stability increased with increasing concentration of pectin and methyl cellulose. The optimum foam expansion of 60.35 per cent and foam stability of 77.13 per cent were obtained with the addition of pectin and methyl cellulose to sapota pulp at optimum concentration of 2.21 per cent and 4.41 per cent, respectively. The foam expansion was very low (25%) with egg albumin. Higher concentration of foaming agents within selected range produced uniform size of air bubbles. Response surface analysis yielded quadratic models that explained the influence of the foaming agents on foam expansion and foam stability.Keywords
Sapota Pulp, Pectin, Methyl Cellulose, Foam Expansion, Foam Stability.
References
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- Design of LPG Burner for Hot Air Puffing Machine
Abstract Views :259 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture, Osmanabad (M. S.), IN
2 Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (W.B.), IN
1 Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture, Osmanabad (M. S.), IN
2 Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (W.B.), IN
Source
International Journal of Agricultural Engineering, Vol 8, No 2 (2015), Pagination: 190-197Abstract
In puffing machines the hot air is produced either by burning liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or electric heaters to develop puffed ready-to-eat (RTE) product. In puffing machine the product is puffed in LPG flue gas mixed hot air based on the whirling bed principle. Therefore, to produce hot air by burning LPG, three non-premixed diffusion type burner configurations were designed to produce a stable blue flame with minimum soot length. In Type I burner of 20 cm length two concentric galvanized iron pipes- inner gas pipe of 2.7 cm (OD) and outer air pipe of 5 cm (OD) were used. The gas was introduced in the inner pipe of burner through copper pipe of 1.3 cm (OD) from outside. It works and produces the flame with an obstruction plate of diameter equal to inner burner pipe which was positioned in front of inner pipe for stability of flame. In experimental tests it was observed that flame do not catches when blower was started and forms a single jet unstable luminous (soot) flame at high air velocity. In Type II burner two steam pipes of diameter 4.7 and 2.7 cm (OD) were used for fabrication. In order to protect the flame from high velocity air, a truncated conical metal (cast iron) shield of 4.7 cm diameter was welded to the rim of air pipe. The Type II burner produced characteristic long blue flame and less soot length but there was soot formation in flame at relatively low air flow rates. To overcome the problem of flame instability and soot formation a third burner configuration was used. Three concentric steam pipes were used for Type III burner. It was observed that the secondary air from central pipe results in proper combustion, complete blue flame formation at the burner tip and better flame stability under variable air flow rates. In Type II and Type III burner, the flue gases of temperature ranging from 90° - 300° can be produced at gas flow rates from 7 - 22 1pm.Keywords
Burner, Flame Stability, Blue Flame, Combustion.References
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